|  |  |  常用后缀
   1. 名词后缀a. 表示个体名词的后缀:
 -er 如:teacher, worker, Londoner, southerner(南方人)
 -or 如:actor, visitor instructor
 -ee 如:addressee(收信人), refugee(难民), employee(雇员)
 -eer 如:engineer, mountaineer(登山运动员)
 -ant 如:assistant, inhabitant(居民)
 -ist 如:typist, communist, leftist(左翼的人)
 -ian, -an 如:musician, physician, republican(共和主义者)
 -ess(表示阴性),如:actress, waitress, lioness, tigress
    b. 表示抽象名词的后缀:-ness 如:carefulness, happiness, goodness
 -ment 如:argument, movement, punishment
 -ure 如:failure, pressure, departure
 -ing 如:feeling, building, opening
 -al 如:arrival, refusal, approval
 -age 如:marriage, shortage, baggage
 -ism 如:communism, socialism, heroism(英雄主义)
 -ship 如:friendship, leadership, hardship
 -dom 如:freedom, wisdom, kingdom
 -hood 如:childhood, neighborhood, boyhood(少年)
 -(i)ty 如:activity, equality, safety
 -y 如:honesty, difficulty, discovery, delivery
 -th 如:truth, warmth, death
 -(a)tion, -sion 如:action, modernization, discussion
 -ance, -ence 如:appearance, assistance, reference, difference
   2. 动词后缀-en 如:shorten, sharpen, lengthen
 -ify 如:beautify, purify, simplify
 -ize 如:realize, modernize
   3. 形容词后缀-able 如:comfortable, unbreakable, drinkable
 -al 如:natural, professional, original
 -ful 如:awful, beautiful, careful
 -ic, -ical 如:organic, Pacific, physical
 -less 如:stainless, careless, useless
 -ish 如:childish, bookish, foolish
 -y 如:snowy, sleepy, curly
 -ous 如:dangerous, famous, courageous
 -ive 如:active, collective, impressive
 -en 如:golden, wooden, earthen
 -ed 如:gifted, colored, cultured
 -like 如:manlike, womanlike, homelike
   4. 副词后缀-ly 如:slowly, quickly, heavily
 -ward(s) 如:backward(s), downward(s), eastward(s)
 
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