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  数字式略语的汉英互译

  汉语和英语数字式略语相似的结构在作字面互译时不难处理,尤其是因为现代汉语比较容易接受数字式略语,英语的许多数字式略语译成汉语,已经作为译借词成为汉语词汇的一部分,例如 three unities (三一律), trinity (三位一体,三一), decathlon (十项全能), Group of 77(七十七国集团),Seven Wonders of the World(世界七大奇迹)。汉语的某些数字式略语“三民主义”,( Three Principles of the People ),“三国”( Three Kingdoms ),“五行”( five agents ),“五谛”( Five Noble Truths ),“五福”(Five Blessings),“四书”( the Four Books ),“五经”( the Five Classics ),“八仙”( the Eight Immortals ),连“三反运动”( Three-Anti Campaign )和“四人帮” ( Gang of Four )等也已进入英语辞书。

  但是,数字式略语作为一种略语( compact expression ),其所指对象涉及多方面的社会——文化知识,具有百科性词语的性质,内容比一般词语丰富得多,翻译成另一种语言的时候不是简单的字面对等就能使人理解的。以本文引言中乔伊斯的一段文章为例,文中的 the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost 和 the seven dead1y sins仅译成“圣灵的七件礼物”和“七大罪恶”显然并没有给读者传递足够的信息。 Brewer's Dictionary Phrase and Fable 提供了这方面的信息。前者指的是 wisdom,understanding , counsel,fortune , knowledge, righteousness 和 fear of the Lord ;后者指的是 pride , wrath , envy , lust , gluttony , avarice 和 sloth 。顺便翻一下词典,还可以看到 the seven virtues(或称 the seven principal virtues ,七大美德),指的是 faith , hope. Charity, justice, fortitude , prudence 和 temperance ,前三项可称作 supernatural virtues 或 the theological virtues 或 Christian virtues ,后四项可称作 Plato's Cardinal virtues 或natural virtues 。由于文化背景知识缺乏,中国人要读懂这么短短一个句子就必须付出相当的努力,难怪 Peter Newmark 认为:“ As a last resort , the explanation is the translation ,” (作为最后一招,解释就是翻译。)

  数字式略语的地域性强、时间性强、专业性强,这个特点不容忽视。当然,有些不言自明的略语容易处理,例如“一国两制”出现在外国报纸上也不必解释:

  He offered, in effect,a variant of the “ one country , two systems ” solution which China is offering the people of Hong Kong. ( The Times, P . 3 , Oct . 6 , 1989 )

  《北京周报》(英文版)在一篇翻译文章中对“和平共处五项原则”也未加诠释:

  “他一贯坚持独立自主的和平外交政策,主张以和平共处五项原则为准则建立世界的政治经济新秩序。”

  ( He has consistently advancing the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as the norms of establishing a new world political and economic order.——Beijing Review P.20,Nov.20~26,1989)

  《北京周报》在翻译同一篇文章时对“四项基本原则”却加了译者注,因为国外读者比较熟悉“和平共处五项原则”,却不那么熟悉中国的“四项基本原则”。

  “为了在现代化建设中坚持正确的方向,他旗帜鲜明地提出坚持四项基本原则的问题。”

  To ensure a correct direction for the modernization drive,he raised the question of adhering to the four cardinal principles in clear-cut terms ( adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship , the Communist Party leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought- Tr.)

  在另一期《北京周报》中,作者对“东三省”也加了说明:

  The output of autumn grains is expected to be lower in some areas of three Northeast China provinces (Jilin,Liaoning and Heilunjiang provinces and north China. (Beijing Review, p.16, Nov. 27-Dec.3, 1989)

  报纸的标题经常采用数字式略语,本国读者也往往要看了正文以后才能明白其所以然。随手翻开一份报纸,看到下列标题:

  带头过“五关” 廉政促勤政

  看了正文以后才知道这“五关”指的是房子关、职称关、车子关、票子关、孩子关(《光明日报》, 1989 年 12 月 3 日)。如果把“五关”按字面译成英语“ five passes ”,英美人根本不知所云。

  有些数字式略语在翻译时甚至可以不进行字面翻译,仅译出其原来的全部内容。例如,把“三光政策”译成 the policy of “ burn all , kill al1 , 1oot all ”倒也干净利索(《汉英词典》,商务印书馆, 1979 年 10 月第一版)。

  数字式略语的汉英对比和汉英互译研究还是一片刚开垦的处女地,愿有志者共同切磋,这是具有理论意义和实用意义的。

(摘自 汪培榕“数字式略语的汉英对比研究”《外国语》 1990 年第 3 期)

  易序而译 单从译文的行文上考虑,有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整,以适应英文的修辞习惯,或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例如:

  (1) 到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。

  Unique local creations are available in their own cities , such as … and Xi'an's three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures. (“初到中国旅游可到哪些地方”,何志范译注)

  原文中的“兵马俑”(与“唐三彩”到译文中交换了位置,是为了避免修饰语“ of the Tang Dynasty ”在结构上产生歧义。

  (2) 在四千多年前,这里已有人类繁衍生息。

  Our ancestors lived and multiplied in this area as long as 4,000 years ago,(郭建中译)

  “繁衍”和“生息”在英汉两种语言的行文习惯是不同的。

  (3) 我撬开小木箱一看,是四条鲜鱼。 Carcassonne 教授一定是怕鱼在路上耽搁坏了,在鱼的上下两旁放了冰,冰有点融化,水从木箱的空隙中流出来了。(陈学昭《永久的怀念》)

  I opened the little box to find four fresh fish in it . There was ice a11 round them. Since the ice was melting , water ran through the cracks on the box . It was clear that Prof . Careassonne had placed ice in it for fear that the fish would go bad during the delivery. ( 郭建中译 )

  原文的句序是按照汉语典型的时间顺序排列的,即按照事情发生的客观时间“(主人公)怕——放冰——冰化——水流”排列。英文则按照故事叙述的行文逻辑“(讲述人)发现冰——冰化——水流——推断(怕——放冰)”排列,原文的时间关系改由译文的时态表示。这是由于行文习惯引起的词序调整。

(王治奎主编: 1997,第73一75页 见《译学大词典》)
 

  六、汉语无主句和外位语结构的处理

  1 .无主句的处理

  在英文里,句子一般都要有主语,而在汉语里没有主语的句子比比皆是。所谓无主句就是只有谓语部分而没有主语部分的句子。 这种句子本身意思是完整明确的,可是在译成英文时往往需要补出主语,或改变句型,使句子结构符合英文习惯。

  (1)根据上下文补上适当的名词或代词作主语:

  在新西兰也讲英语吗?

  Do you speak English in New Zealand?

  活到老,学到老。

  One is never too old to learn.

  如蒙宽大,一定洗心革面。

  If you can pardon me, I'll turn over a new leaf.

  弄不好,就会前功尽弃。

  If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.

  武松乘着酒兴,只管走上岗来,走不到半里多路,只见一个败落的山神庙。

  Still primed by all the wine, Wu Song continued climbing the ridge. Before he had gone another half li he came upon a Mountain Spirit Temple.

  报告的其他部分没有提到这一点。

  The speaker made no mention of this point elsewhere in his report.

  (2)采用 there be… 或 it is… 结构翻译。

  总之,是两点而不是一点。

  In short, there are two aspects, not just one.

  少说空话,多办实事。

  There must be less empty talk and more hard work.

  除了枪声,再没有其他声响。

  There was no sound but that of gunfire.

  桌子上放着吕宋烟盒和扇子。

  There are a cigar-box and a fan on the table.

  下雪了。

  It is snowing.

  从这里到颐和园有五英里。

  It is five miles from here to the Summer Palace.

  现在12点半了。

  It is half past twelve now.

  和你见面很高兴。

  It is a pleasure to meet you.

  (3)不加主语,套用英语祈使句型翻译。

  请打开窗户。

  Please open the window.

  到什么山上唱什么歌。

  Sing different songs on different mountains.

  做事要稳,改错要狠。

  Be steady in doing your work; be resolute in correcting your mistakes.

  (4)不加主语,套用英文倒装句型翻译。

  河边屹立着一片橡树林子

  By the river stands a forest of oaks.

  描金的福建漆盘子里还放着当天的报。

  On the gilded Fujian lacquer tray also lay the morning newspaper.

  道路两旁站着欢迎来宾的学生。

  On both sides of the avenue were students to welcome the guests.

  (5)用英文被动句型翻译。

  必须保证产品质量。

  The quality of the products must be guaranteed.

  这儿将建一家医院。

  A hospital will be built here.

  对这一问题实际上还没有进行过科学实验。

  Practically no scientific experiments have yet been made on this question.

  隐约望得见一艘登陆艇停在附近。

  A landing –craft could be seen tied up nearby.

  上个月抢救了两只挨饿的大熊猫。

  Two starving pandas were rescued last month.

  某些表示要求、规定的无主句,也往往可以译成被动句。

  本剧场内禁止吸烟。

  Smoking is not allowed in this theatre.

  必须保证八小时睡眠。

  Eight hours' sleep must be guaranteed.

  不过英语也有无主句,如祈使句,翻译时要译成“让……”。另外,要注意译出同位关系。如:

  Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of 
the  protagonist's own interior conflict,the clash of his desires,his own strength against his own weakness.

  让主人公的外部冲突反映出自己的内心冲突,即他的各种欲望之间的冲突,自身优点与弱点之间的冲突。

  2 .外位语结构的处理

  在现代汉语中,如果有两个词或词组指同一事物,一个用在句中充当句子成分,另一个放在句外。居于结构之外的成分叫外位语,处在结构之内的成分叫本位语,后者常常是一个代词。如:青春,这是多么美好的时光啊!这里“青春”是外位语,“这”是本位语。从形式上看,外位语(extra- position )很像同位语(apposition),但又不同于同位语,外位语指的是独立于句子之外,同时又和句中的某个成分指同一事物的成分。外位语的使用往往是说话人为了突出某事物,在句前说出或在句后补充说出该事物,同时又在全句中用代词指称这一事物。

  英语也有外位语结构,如:Jane Austen, she was a novelist. 这里 “ Jane Austen ”也是外位语结构。不过,汉语中外位语的使用远比在英语中普遍。汉语外位语结构英译时,可套用英语的外位语结构。汉语外位语英译的方法是多种多样的,究竟用哪一种方法,要看外位语结构的繁简和上下文来决定。

  以下介绍几种汉语外位语英译的处理方法:

  (1)译成相应的英语外位语结构。

  把这件事看得很严重,这我决不会。

  To take such things seriously , that is what I should never do.

  国家的统一,人民的团结,国内各民族的团结,这是我们的事业必定要胜利的基本保证。

  The unification of our country, the unity of our people and the unity of our various nationalities —— these are the basic guarantees for the sure triumph of our cause.

  “横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛”, ——这是鲁迅先生的方向,也是鲁迅先生的立场。

  “Fierce-browed, I coldly defy a thousand pointing fingers; head bowed, like a willing ox, I serve the children.” — that was Lu Xun's attitude and that was the position he took.

  (2)译成一个独立句或并列分句。

  遇事想争个第一,而且能挣到第一,这就不简单。

  He not only wants to excel —— he does excel. That's not easy.

  要解决问题,还须作系统的周密的调查工作和研究工作,这就是分析的过程。

  In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study. This is the process of analysis.

  (3)用 it 作形式主语或宾语,将外位结构转化为名词从句或不定式,放在句尾作逻辑主语或宾语。

  不调查、不研究、提起笔来“硬写”,这就是不负责任的态度。

  It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and “force ourselves to write” without investigation or study.

  一个人坐在房子里孤陋寡闻,这样不行。

  It's no good for us to shut ourselves up in a room, remaining ignorant and uninformed.

  敌人的武力是不能征服我们的,这点已经得到证明了。

  It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms.

  我们认为适当地照顾原文语言的特性,同时又尽可能译成纯洁的中文,这不仅是可能的,而且是必要的。

  We consider it not only possible but necessary to pay due regard to the language peculiarities of the original work and at the same time make the version in the purest possible Chinese.

  (4)把外位结构译成由介词 of、as for、 as to、as regards 等引导的介词短语,放在句首。

  我们可能停留一两天。耽搁一星期之久,那是不可能的。

  I could stay for one or two days, but as for staying for a week, it would be out of the question.

  曾经留恋过别的东西的人们,有些人倒下去了,有些人觉悟过来了,有些人正在换脑筋。

  Of the people who hankered after those ways , some have fallen, some have awakened and some are changing their ideas.

  (5)指称外位结构的代词(“这”或“这些”等)略去不译,直接把外位语结构译成句中的一个成分。

  能不能尽快把科学技术搞上去, 这是一个关系到社会主义建设的全局,关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。

  Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.

  冰箱、电视机、录音机,这些她都买了。

  He has bought a refrigerator, a television and a tape-recorder.

  大势所趋,人心所向,这已无可阻止。

  The general trend of events and the will of the people had become irresistible.

  (6)将原文中主语指代的外位语译成表语。

  实现四个现代化,这是我们今后相当长时间的中心工作。

  For a relatively long period ahead, the focus of our work is to realize the four modernizations.

  工厂、铁道、枪炮等,这些是物质条件。

  The material conditions are factories, railways, fire-arms, artillery, and the like.

  除了上述外位语结构的基本译法之外,还可以根据上下文采取其他变通的译法。如:

  中国产生了共产党,这是开天辟地的大事变。

  In China, the Communist Party was born, an epoch-making event.

  (外位语转化为一个句子,原来的句子转化为一个同位语。)

  对于反动营垒中可能分化出来的人物,要争取他们,教育他们,帮助他们。

  Those who can be split off from the enemy camp should be won over, educated and helped.

  (外位结构转化为主语。)