| 1.英语助动词有be, 
            have, do,它们没有词汇意义,帮助动词构成时态、语态、语气、疑问、否定等形式。   2.英语情态助动词有can/could, 
              may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, 
              used to.a.can/could, may/might:
 can/could表示“能力”。在表示“可能”时,can较多地用于否定句和疑问句,而could则不受此限。
 may/might表示“可能”时,并无时间上的差异,只是用might在语气上更加不肯定。
 在请求对方“许可”时,may/might比can/could较为正式,might和could较为婉转;给予“许可”时,通常用can/may,而不用might/could。
 
 b.must表示“必然”、“必须”,用于肯定句或疑问句;表示“可能”,只用于肯定句,表示对目前行为的推测,语气比may肯定得多。对现在行为的否定推测用can't。 
              mustn't表示“禁止”或“不许”,对疑问式的否定回答用needn't,如:
 You mustn't show it to others. 
              It is still a secret.
 –– Must we hand in our paper today?
 –– No, you needn't.
   c.shall和will:shall用在主语是第一称或第三人称的疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见;用在主语是第二或第三人称陈述句中,表示说话人的允诺或警告。will表示“意志”、“意愿”、“请求”。如:You shall be sorry for what you 
              have done.
 Will you pass me the pen, please?
   d.should/ought to和would:should和ought to意义相同,表示“应该”、“义务”、“责备”、“推论”等。should 
              语气比ought to强些,should还多用于虚拟语气中。would表示过去时间的“意愿”、“委婉地请求”、“建议”或“过去的习惯动作”。如:You should do as he says.
 I wrote down his address lest I should 
              forget it.
 We invited him to the party but he wouldn't 
              come.
   e.dare和need既可作情态动词,也可作实意动词。作情态动词用时,无人称变化,但只用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。dare表示“敢于”,need表示“有必要”,如:How dare you open my letter?
 He needn't buy that dictionary.
   f.used to表示过去习惯的动作或状态,在否定疑问句或否定陈述句中,用usedn't to或didn't use to均可。在肯定疑问句中也有两种形式,即 
              “Used … to … ?”或 “did … use to … ?”,如:When we were little boys, we used to 
              play there.
 He didn't use to watch TV.
 Used he to 
              watch TV?
 
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