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Passage One

 Nearly all energy comes from the sun, either in a roundabout way or straight from it, in the form of heat and light rays. The light from the moon, too, comes from the sun. The moon can be said to be like a large mirror which throws back the sun's light to the earth.
Electrical energy comes from the sun in a roundabout way. It can come from the power of water falling down mountainside. The water fell there as rain, and we know that rain is made by the sun's heat evaporating (使蒸发)the water on the earth's surface. This water vapor rises, condenses(凝结) on cooling, and falls as rain.
    The light and heat energy from coal also comes from the sun in a roundabout way. Coal was made by the rocks pressing on trees and plants which died millions of years ago. Those trees and plants grew with the aid of sunlight, from which they made carbohydrates (碳水化合物), in this way changing the sun's energy into chemical energy. When we burn coal, some of this energy is set free.
Energy which we use to drive car engines comes from petrol, which also was made with the aid of the sun in a roundabout way. Plants, and animals which ate the plants, died millions of years ago, and the parts of them that were left were pressed under the rocks in the earth. These parts left from dead animals made petroleum, from which petrol and oil are now obtained.
    Thus we can say that the sun is the place where nearly all energy comes from, and that without the sun's heat and light, there could be no life on earth.

( 285 words)

1. Nearly all energy is derived from the sun, ______.( D )

(a) in the form of heat

(b) in the form of light reflected by the moon

(c) in the form of light rays

(d) in the form of heat and light rays

2. The power of water falling down mountainside comes from the sun because ________.( C )

(a) the sun heats the water in the mountains

(b) the water comes from the rain which is heated by the sun

(c) the water comes from vapor, which is made by the sun's heat

(d) the water is heated by the sun

3. When coal is burnt, some of the chemical energy is ( C )

(a) condensed

(b) cooled

(c) released

(d) lost

4. Which of the following is NOT true ________. ( D )

(a) Petrol can be used as energy to drive car engines.

(b) Coal was formed by trees and plants which died millions of years ago.

(c) Plants and animals which died millions of years ago formed oil.

(d) The sun's heat and light caused dead animals and plants to become oil .

5. The main purpose of the passage is to tell us that ______. ( A )

(a) the sun can be said to be the source of nearly all energy

(b) rain is made by the sun's heat evaporating the water on the earth's surface

(c) many forms of energy are derived indirectly from the sun

(d) human beings cannot live without the sun

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Passage Two

    The oil resources which are left will not last very long. This means that all vehicles such as cars, trains, buses, planes and ships that need oil to work will not be able to run. So it will be necessary to develop a new system of transport which uses a fuel other than oil. Electric vehicles are one possibility. In Britain, most families have at least one car and this car is used everyday. It could be that only one person in the family drives the car to work or for shopping. The number of cars on the road which are almost empty perhaps helps to explain why the oil is used up so quickly. The family car is a very useful form of transport but it is also a great waster of energy, especially if it is compared with buses or trains which use less petrol per person than a car; this also wastes fuel. A car traveling at 80 kilometers an hour uses only half as much petrol as a car which is traveling at 120 kilometers an hour. Clearly, it would be better if there were fewer cars on the road and more speed limits so that the oil which is left will last as long as possible.
    About 25% of Britain's total consumption (消耗) of energy is domestic—it is used only in the home. Just over 20% is used for transport. Most of the energy is used in industry. It is difficult to suggest any possible energy conservation (保护) in industry because many of the suggestions would mean that some people would lose their jobs. It is important that industry produces the same amount of products using the same amount of workers.
    Obviously, conservation is not going to be the answer to the energy crisis. The most it can do is to give more time for a better solution to be found. The more time which is available for new sources of energy to be developed, the better it is because there is still a lot of work to be done in order to find suitable, safe methods of producing energy.

(353 words)

    6. Why will all vehicles that need oil to work not be able to run? ______. ( B )

(a) They will be replaced by electric vehicles.

(b) Oil resources which are left will be used up soon.

(c) A new system of transport will be developed.

(d) They waste a lot of energy

7. In Britain, what reason could help to explain why oil is used up very quickly? ______. ( C )

(a) People use cars every day.

(b) Most families have at least one car.

(c) Many cars on the road are almost empty.

(d) People drive their cars to work.

8. Which of the following is true? ( D )

(a) Compared with buses and trains, the family car is useful and can save energy.

(b) A car driving at the speed of 80 kilometers per hour uses half as much petrol as a car traveling at 160 kilometers per hour.

(c) It is possible for people to develop vehicles

(d) Limitation of the number of cars on the road and their speed will help the oil last longer

9. What does the word "domestic" mean in paragraph two? ( A )

(a) For household use.

(b) On the road.

(c) Slow driving.

(d) Fast driving.

10. What is a better way to solve the problem of the energy crisis? ( C )

(a) Governments should cut down the number of family cars on the road.

(b) The speed of vehicles must be limited.

(c) New sources of energy should be found and developed.

(d) Factories should cut down on production.

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Passage Three

    Long ago it was thought that the atom was the smallest particle of matter that there was. The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos, which means "cannot be cut". About 70 years ago, however, scientists found that atoms could be broken or split, into small pieces and if they were split, a great deal of energy would be given off. This splitting of the atom, or fission as it is called, was first put into practice in 1939, when scientists found that atoms of uranium, which is a sort of fuel like coal, could be split if they were hit by large numbers of neutrons. A neutron is even smaller than an atom and can normally be found inside the center of the atom. So it became possible to split the atom and so make a lot of heat energy. After a lot of work on the subject, scientists found that they could produce an even greater amount of heat by splitting a number of atoms one after the other, in what is called a chain reaction.
    Nuclear energy is seen as the new source of power for the future. Many countries in the world have built nuclear power stations to create enough energy for their needs. This means that a lot of uranium is needed to supply the fuel to produce the energy and that means that the supply of uranium will, like the other fuels such as coal and oil, come to an end. But a new development could make uranium unimportant in the production of nuclear power. There are certain types of atoms, which, when they hit each other at great speed, do not break apart but join together. This is called fusion and it also produces energy. It is believed that the sun's energy is produced in this way. The material which is needed to make atoms join together can be found in sea-water. Because more than three-quarters of the earth is covered by sea water, this source of energy will not run out. At the moment, work on the fusion of atoms is not complete and there is still much to be done. But it could be that nuclear energy produced in this way will be the solution to the energy crisis.

(383 words )

11. The word atom is from a Greek word, which means _______________. ( B )

(a) "cannot be seen"

(b) "cannot be broken"

(c) "cannot be hit"

(d) "cannot be used"

12. In 1939, scientists found that atoms could be split        ______ .                  ( D )

(a) if they were put under high temperature

(b) if they were made into a bomb

(c) if they were used together with coal and oil

(d) if they were struck by large numbers of neutrons

13. Many countries have built nuclear power stations to __________. ( A )

(a) produce more energy for their needs

(b) supply more working opportunities for people

(c) produce some natural energy

(d) partly replace the sun's energy

14. What can we infer from the second paragraph?_____.( D )

(a) More than half of the surface of the earth is covered by water.

(b) With the development of science and technology, uranium will become more and more important in the production of nuclear power.

(c) Scientists will do a lot of research work on the sea to find and develop new sources of energy.

(d) Nuclear energy will be used instead of the natural sources of energy.

15. Which of the following is a better title for the passage? ( C )

(a) The Meaning of the Word "Atom"

(b) The Solution to the Energy Crisis

(c) Nuclear Energy as a New Source of Power

(d) The Use of atoms                          

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