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Passage
One
From
the moment that an animal is born it has to make decisions.
It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating,
and which are to be avoided; when to attack and when to
run away. The animal is, in effect, playing a complicated
and potentially very dangerous game with its environment,
discomfort or destruction.
This
is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would
survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn
about the world wholly by trial and error, for there are
too many possible decisions which would prove fatal. So
we find, in practice, that the game is always arranged in
favor of the young animal in one way or another. Either
the animal is protected during the early stages of its learning
about the world around it, or the knowledge of which way
to respond is built into its nervous system from the start.
The fact that animals behave sensibly can
be attributed partly to what we might call genetic learning,
to distinguish it from individual learning that an animal
does in the cause of its own life time. Genetic learning
is learning by a species as a whole, and it is achieved
by selection of those members of each generation that happen
to behave in the right way. However, genetic learning depends
upon a prediction that the future will more or less exactly
resemble the past. The more variable individual experience
is likely to be, the less efficient is genetic learning
as a means of getting over the problems of the survival
game. It is not surprising to find that very few species
indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning. In the great
majority of animals, behavior is a compound of individual
experience and genetic learning to behave in particular
ways.
(303 words)
1.
The survival game is considered complicated and potentially
very dangerous because ________. ( A
)
(a) decisions made by animals may prove fatal
(b) animals are often in danger of being attacked
(c) animals make decisions entirely by trial
(d) environment is not fit for animals to survive
2.
Most animals survive because they can make right decisions
by ________. (
D
)
(a) a series of trials and errors
(b) knowledge obtained in their life time
(c) the nervous system
(d) genetic learning and individual experience
3.
Concerning the relationship between genetic learning and
individual experience, which of the following is right?
(
C
)
(a) They are irrelevant to each other.
(b) They are contradictory, but individual experience is
the dominant.
(c) Genetic learning is likely to function more if individual
experience doesn't vary much.
(d) Genetic learning is more efficient than individual experience.
4.
"Genetic learning" refers to ________. (
B
)
(a) learning after an animal is born
(b) learning obtained by some members of each generation
who happen to behave properly
(c) learning gained by all the members in a species
(d) learning
gained by young animals from their experience
5.
What CANNOT be inferred from the article? (
A
)
(a) The majority of animals depend thoroughly upon genetic
learning.
(b) Animal behave in particular ways as a result of both
individual experience and genetic learning.
(c) If an animal depended wholly upon individual
experience, its chance of survival would be little.
(d) Genetic learning depends on the assumption of the resemblance
between the future and the past.
TOP
Passage
Two
There are two factors
which determine an individual's intelligence. The first
is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ
considerably, some being more capable than others. But no
matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual
will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities
to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual
is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain
will fail to develop and he will never attain the level
of intelligence of which he is capable.
The importance of environment in determining
an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the
case history of the identical twins, Peter and Marx X. Being
identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and
their growth processes were the same. When the twins were
three months old, their parents died, and they were placed
in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of
low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational
opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do
parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child,
sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be
stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference
continued until the twins were in their late teens, when
they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's
I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average
and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.
Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains,
would have tested at roughly the same level.
(269 words)
6.
A person's intelligence ________. (
D
)
(a) stays unchanged in a certain environment
(b) develops with the change of environment
(c) is born at the same level as anyone else's
(d) is affected by environment as well as the sort
of brain he is born with
7.
What is meant by " he will never attain the level of
intelligence of which he is capable"? (
B
)
(a) He will never fail to develop his intelligence
(b) He won't become so intelligent as he should
(c) He is able to reach a high level of intelligence
(d) It is impossible for him to develop intelligence
8.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the
twins? (
D
)
(a) The sorts of brain they are born with differ greatly.
(b) They set up an example for studying the environment.
(c) They became orphans once they were born.
(d) They were adopted boys.
9.
According
to the text, the environment in which the twins were reared
differs in the following aspects except ________. (
C
)
(a) intelligence level of the parents
(b) family economic status
(c) the age of their parents
(d) community surroundings
10.
What is suggested by the last sentence of the text?
(
B
)
(a) If the twins were given equal opportunities, they would
be identical in their brains.
(b) If the twins were reared in the same family, their I.Q.
would not be much different.
(c) The I.Q. of the twins with identical brains would reach
exactly the same level.
(d) Equal opportunities have been given to the twins during
the test.
TOP
Passage
Three
"It is obvious that there
is a limit to the power of reproducing sounds accurately",
anyone can say Bo after once hearing it: but few would catch
the name of the Greek statesman M. Papamicichaopoulos without
the need of a repetition. It was with these words that J.
Jacobs, a British psychologist, introduced the first experimental
study of "memory span". The span is the name given to the
maximum amount of material which can be "grasped" (recalled
immediately) after a single presentation. Now, this, like
the great majority of psychological performances, is variable
rather than constant. The same person may, at one time,
correctly recall a list of eight digits, yet, at another
time, be unable to do so. This does not mean that the amount
recalled is unpredictable but it does warn against facile
pronouncements concerning a person's span based on but a
few tests. It also means that to get a really accurate measure
of an individual's span, he must be given a large number
of tests and the results of these tests must be treated
in a special statistical fashion. However, those psychologists
who have most occasion to estimate memory span—the administers
of "intelligence tests"—cannot spare the time required
for a precise estimation, and contrive to use an approximation
which involves much less effort. The method is simple. The
experimenter has a number of standard lists of, say, digits
which vary in length from two digits to ten digits, e.g.
39418 or 4538217069. These are two or three different lists
of each length and the subject is told: "I am going to say
numbers and, when I have finished, I want you to repeat
the numbers in the same order." Starting with one of the
shortest lists, the experimenter reads it out at a uniform
rate of one digit per second and the subject must try to
repeat this list. Progressively longer lists are then given
until a length of list is reached on which there is complete
failure. The span is taken as the longest list ever repeated
correctly. Memory span determined in this way agrees fairly
closely with that determined by more time-consuming methods,
except that it tends to be slightly lower than the latter.
Even with such a simple aspect of memorizing
as the memory span, it is found that a large number of variables
are at work in influencing a person's performance. The span
varies slightly with the rate at which the items are presented
and is increased if the material is presented rhythmically
rather than at a steady rate. Span is impaired by fatigue,
there being evidence to suggest that, with school children
and students. It shortens slightly but fairly steadily as
the working day progresses from morning to evening. Span
is also impaired by distraction, the drinking of alcohol,
and the smoking of tobacco.
(472 words)
11.
As far as memory span is concerned, which of the following
is true according to the text? (
D
)
(a) The first experimental study of memory span
was conducted by a Greek doctor.
(b) Once memory span is measured as such, it will remain
unchanged.
(c) The test of memory span has to be conducted in a rather
complicated manner.
(d) Memory span like other psychological performances may
vary for the same person.
12.
To
get an accurate measure of a person's memory span, ________.
( B
)
(a) a few tests are enough for analysis
(b) plenty of tests should be conducted
(c) approximation is not workable
(d) psychologists must conduct several tests
without any estimation
13.
When the test is conducted, ________. (
B
)
(a) it goes on from the shorter lists to the longest list
ever designed by the experimenter
(b) it starts with shorter lists to the longest list that
fails the subject completely
(c) the subject should repeat the lists on which the length
of digits vary from one to ten digits
(d) the subject should read after the experimenter one number
after another
14.
In
the author's view, comparatively speaking, memory span determined
by approximation
________. (
C
)
(a) is not scientific
(b) takes more time and effort
(c) is not much different from that by other methods
(d) is as accurate as that by other methods
15.
Which of the following is Not mentioned as a variable that
would affect a person's performance in a memory span test?
( D
)
(a) The rate of presenting the numbers.
(b) Fatigue.
(c) Drinking and smoking.
(d) The experimenter's appearance.
TOP
测验结果：15 题中 共答对题，
答错题， 还有题未答。
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