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| Structure |
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(Now, you are going to do some exercise of structure. You
have already learned the sentence patterns in Model 1 and Model
3 in the second period. But you may not be very familiar with
the emphatic structure（强调结构） and inversion(倒装) in Model 2. Before
you do the exercise, I'd like to give you some explanation about
them.)
语法小知识
1．强调结构 (Emphatic Structure)
2．倒装 (Inversion)
1．强调结构
在英语书面语中，强调的方式多种多样。 但当我们要强调句子的某一部分时，通常用
"It be + 被强调的成分+ that/who…" 这一结构。它可以用于强调除谓语以外的大多数成分。
但是，需要注意以下几点：
1）在这一句型中，主要对主语、宾语、状语等进行强调，使之成为该句的中心。例如：
It was Tom that/who shot a bear yesterday. （主语）
It was a bear that Tom shot yesterday. （宾语）
It was yesterday that Tom shot a bear. （状语）
2）在强调状语时，连接词只用that, 而不用其他连词。在强调人时，主语用who或that，
宾语用whom或that。
It was last week that he received a letter from his parents.
(that 不可换成when)
It was my mother whom/that I missed.
3) 强调句中的时态取决于后面的that从句的时态。
4）若要强调含有"not…until（直到……才）"结构的句子中的until部分时， 就须将否定词
not和until部分放在一起，成为被强调的成分，而原来的主句就变为肯定结构，放在that之后
的从句中。例如：
I didn't know he was of a calm temperament until the accident
was avoided.
It wasn't until the accident was avoided that I knew he was
of a calm temperament.
2.倒装
英语最基本的词序通常是"主语+谓语动词+其他成分"，它也是相当固定的句子结构。
如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，这就叫做倒装。若将谓语动词完全移至主语之前，就叫做完全
倒装；如果只将助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，就称为部分倒装。
1） 完全倒装 (complete inversion)
Out rushed the girl.Here comes the bus.
2) 部分倒装 (partial inversion)
部分倒装的情况有几种，其中一种是，如果表示否定意义的词或短语位于句首（否定词修饰主
语除外），句子应该部分倒装，即将助动词或情态动词移到主语的前面。例如：
Not until yesterday did I see Papa.Never have I read such
an interesting story.
Hardly had he finished his dinner when somebody knocked at
the door.(他刚吃完饭
就有人敲门。)
She will not leave, nor will she allow him to continue mistreating
her.
In no circumstances(在任何情况下都不) will we be the first to use
nuclear weapons(核武
器).
(Now, let's begin to do the following structure exercise.
When we do it, we can find the change of the sentences in structure,
style, even in meaning after they are rewritten. Each of the
rewritten statements after Model 1 is more objective（客观的） and
the performer of the action（动作的执行者）is not emphasized; in the
rewritten sentences after Model 2, the adverbial phrase of each
sentence is emphasized in the emphatic structure; and each of
the rewritten sentences after Model 3 has a parallel structure（平行结构）.)
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IX. Rewrite the given sentences
after the models:
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Key
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| Model 1
1. It was believed in ancient times that the
mind was based in the heart.
2. It is now claimed that it is never too early
to learn.
3. It is believed by some scientists that the
left side of the human brain is
responsible for logic.
4. It was discovered long ago that the earth
is round.
Model 2
1. It was not until after midnight that he
fell asleep.
Not until after midnight did he fall asleep.
2. It was not until recently that scientists
knew much about lung cancer.
Not until recently did scientists know much
about lung cancer.
3. It was not until bedtime that the boy ever
remembered to do his
homework.
Not until bedtime did the boy ever remember
to do his homework..
4. It was not until after his death that he
was recognized as a writer of
genius.
Not until after his death was he recognized
as a writer of genius.
Model 3
1. The more we know about the workings of the
brain, the better use
we’ll be able to put it to.
2. The more scientists find out about the brain,
the more questions they
are unable to answer.
3. The more exercise we have, the healthier
we will be.
4. The better tools we have, the easier the
job will be.
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Model 1: Earlier scientists
thought that during a man’s lifetime the power of his brain
decreased gradually.
It was thought that
during a man’s lifetime the power of his brain decreased
gradually.
1. In ancient times people believed that the mind was based
in the heart.
2. People now claim(声称) that it is never too early to learn.
3. Some scientists believe that the left side of the human brain
is responsible for logic(逻辑).
4. Man discovered long ago that the earth is round.
Model 2: Man didn’t realise that the brain controlled our thinking
until the 18th century.
It was not until the 18th century that man realise that the
brain controlled our
thinking.
Not until the 18th century did man realise that the brain
controlled our thinking.
1. He didn’t fall asleep until after midnight.
2. Scientists didn’t know much about lung cancer until recently.
3. The boy never remembered to do his homework until bedtime.
4. He was not recognized as a writer of genius(天才) until after
his death.
Model 3: If we work harder, we will get better results.
The harder we work, the better results we will get.
1. If we know more about the workings of the brain, we’ll be
able to put it to better use.
2. As scientists find out more about the brain, there are more
questions they are unable to
answer.
3. If we have more exercise, we will be healthier.
4. If you have better tools, the job will be easier.
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